Analysis and explainers
PSRwatch Insights
Plain-English analysis of Premier League money: transfers, accounts and squad-cost room.
Emmanuel Emegha to Chelsea: what the £21m move does to their squad-cost room
Emmanuel Emegha's £21m move to Chelsea, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
António Silva to AFC Bournemouth: what the £21m move does to their squad-cost room
António Silva's £21m move to AFC Bournemouth, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Carl Rushworth to Coventry City: what the £21.6m move does to their squad-cost room
Carl Rushworth's £21.6m move to Coventry City, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Dwight McNeil to Crystal Palace: what the £21.7m move does to their squad-cost room
Dwight McNeil's £21.7m move to Crystal Palace, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Brennan Johnson to Everton: what the £21.7m move does to their squad-cost room
Brennan Johnson's £21.7m move to Everton, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Caleb Yirenkyi to Coventry City: what the £22.7m move does to their squad-cost room
Caleb Yirenkyi's £22.7m move to Coventry City, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Trevoh Chalobah leaves Chelsea: what the £25.2m sale does to their squad-cost room
Trevoh Chalobah's £25.2m sale by Chelsea, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Aladji Bamba to Newcastle United: what the £29.8m move does to their squad-cost room
Aladji Bamba's £29.8m move to Newcastle United, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Lukas Hornicek to Newcastle United: what the £25.7m move does to their squad-cost room
Lukas Hornicek's £25.7m move to Newcastle United, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Shea Charles to Fulham: what the £25.5m move does to their squad-cost room
Shea Charles's £25.5m move to Fulham, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Ousmane Diomande to Nottingham Forest: what the £33.6m move does to their squad-cost room
Ousmane Diomande's £33.6m move to Nottingham Forest, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Tarik Muharemović to Leeds United: what the £31.1m move does to their squad-cost room
Tarik Muharemović's £31.1m move to Leeds United, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Valentín Barco to Chelsea: what the £33.6m move does to their squad-cost room
Valentín Barco's £33.6m move to Chelsea, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Christos Tzolis to Arsenal: what the £33.6m move does to their squad-cost room
Christos Tzolis's £33.6m move to Arsenal, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Gonzalo García to Fulham: what the £33.6m move does to their squad-cost room
Gonzalo García's £33.6m move to Fulham, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
James Trafford to Leeds United: what the £39.2m move does to their squad-cost room
James Trafford's £39.2m move to Leeds United, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
João Gomes to Aston Villa: what the £33.6m move does to their squad-cost room
João Gomes's £33.6m move to Aston Villa, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Johan Manzambi to Aston Villa: what the £50.4m move does to their squad-cost room
Johan Manzambi's £50.4m move to Aston Villa, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Mamadou Sangaré to Brentford: what the £40.3m move does to their squad-cost room
Mamadou Sangaré's £40.3m move to Brentford, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Bruno Guimarães to Arsenal: what the £73.5m move does to their squad-cost room
Bruno Guimarães's £73.5m move to Arsenal, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Maxence Lacroix to Chelsea: what the £51m move does to their squad-cost room
Maxence Lacroix's £51m move to Chelsea, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Morgan Rogers to Chelsea: what the £116m move does to their squad-cost room
Morgan Rogers's £116m move to Chelsea, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Arsenal accounts explained: what the 2024/25 filing really says
Arsenal's audited 2024/25 accounts in plain English: revenue £643m, wages £331m, and what the filing means for the club's squad-cost room.
Coventry City accounts explained: what the 2024/25 filing really says
Coventry City's audited 2024/25 accounts in plain English: revenue £34.2m, wages £26.5m, and what the filing means for the club's squad-cost room.
Hull City accounts explained: what the 2024/25 filing really says
Hull City's audited 2024/25 accounts in plain English: revenue £25.8m, wages £36.7m, and what the filing means for the club's squad-cost room.
Ipswich Town accounts explained: what the 2024/25 filing really says
Ipswich Town's audited 2024/25 accounts in plain English: revenue £155m, wages £77.1m, and what the filing means for the club's squad-cost room.
Leeds United accounts explained: what the 2024/25 filing really says
Leeds United's audited 2024/25 accounts in plain English: revenue £137m, wages £103m, and what the filing means for the club's squad-cost room.
Liverpool accounts explained: what the 2024/25 filing really says
Liverpool's audited 2024/25 accounts in plain English: revenue £703m, wages £428m, and what the filing means for the club's squad-cost room.
Merlin Röhl to Everton: what the £21m move does to their squad-cost room
Merlin Röhl's £21m move to Everton, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
AFC Bournemouth accounts explained: what the 2024/25 filing really says
AFC Bournemouth's audited 2024/25 accounts in plain English: revenue £182m, wages £158m, and what the filing means for the club's squad-cost room.
Brentford accounts explained: what the 2024/25 filing really says
Brentford's audited 2024/25 accounts in plain English: revenue £173m, wages £131m, and what the filing means for the club's squad-cost room.
Brighton & Hove Albion accounts explained: what the 2024/25 filing really says
Brighton & Hove Albion's audited 2024/25 accounts in plain English: revenue £221m, wages £159m, and what the filing means for the club's squad-cost room.
Crystal Palace accounts explained: what the 2024/25 filing really says
Crystal Palace's audited 2024/25 accounts in plain English: revenue £195m, wages £145m, and what the filing means for the club's squad-cost room.
Donyell Malen leaves Aston Villa: what the £21m sale does to their squad-cost room
Donyell Malen's £21m sale by Aston Villa, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Emersonn to Ipswich Town: what the £23.5m move does to their squad-cost room
Emersonn's £23.5m move to Ipswich Town, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Everton accounts explained: what the 2024/25 filing really says
Everton's audited 2024/25 accounts in plain English: revenue £197m, wages £152m, and what the filing means for the club's squad-cost room.
Fulham accounts explained: what the 2024/25 filing really says
Fulham's audited 2024/25 accounts in plain English: revenue £195m, wages £167m, and what the filing means for the club's squad-cost room.
Álvaro Rodríguez to AFC Bournemouth: what the £21m move does to their squad-cost room
Álvaro Rodríguez's £21m move to AFC Bournemouth, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Mathys Detourbet to Manchester City: what the £21m move does to their squad-cost room
Mathys Detourbet's £21m move to Manchester City, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Piero Hincapié to Arsenal: what the £41.2m move does to their squad-cost room
Piero Hincapié's £41.2m move to Arsenal, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Rasmus Højlund leaves Manchester United: what the £37m sale does to their squad-cost room
Rasmus Højlund's £37m sale by Manchester United, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Víctor Muñoz to Liverpool: what the £33.6m move does to their squad-cost room
Víctor Muñoz's £33.6m move to Liverpool, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Youri Tielemans to Manchester United: what the £34.4m move does to their squad-cost room
Youri Tielemans's £34.4m move to Manchester United, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Zadok Yohanna to Brighton & Hove Albion: what the £23.5m move does to their squad-cost room
Zadok Yohanna's £23.5m move to Brighton & Hove Albion, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Bazoumana Touré to Newcastle United: what the £42m move does to their squad-cost room
Bazoumana Touré's £42m move to Newcastle United, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Geovany Quenda to Chelsea: what the £42m move does to their squad-cost room
Geovany Quenda's £42m move to Chelsea, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Luka Vuskovic to Brighton & Hove Albion: what the £45.4m move does to their squad-cost room
Luka Vuskovic's £45.4m move to Brighton & Hove Albion, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Newcastle United accounts explained: what the 2024/25 filing really says
Newcastle United's audited 2024/25 accounts in plain English: revenue £335m, wages £243m, and what the filing means for the club's squad-cost room.
Nottingham Forest accounts explained: what the 2024/25 filing really says
Nottingham Forest's audited 2024/25 accounts in plain English: revenue £222m, wages £167m, and what the filing means for the club's squad-cost room.
Andrey Santos to Manchester United: what the £47.3m move does to their squad-cost room
Andrey Santos's £47.3m move to Manchester United, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Anthony Gordon leaves Newcastle United: what the £58.8m sale does to their squad-cost room
Anthony Gordon's £58.8m sale by Newcastle United, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Aston Villa accounts explained: what the 2024/25 filing really says
Aston Villa's audited 2024/25 accounts in plain English: revenue £378m, wages £273m, and what the filing means for the club's squad-cost room.
Chelsea accounts explained: what the 2024/25 filing really says
Chelsea's audited 2024/25 accounts in plain English: revenue £491m, wages £359m, and what the filing means for the club's squad-cost room.
Companies House filings explained: how club accounts reach PSRwatch
Club accounts on Companies House are audited truth - about last season. How PSRwatch anchors on filings, models forward, and reconciles when new accounts land.
Elliot Anderson to Manchester City: what the £113m move does to their squad-cost room
Elliot Anderson's £113m move to Manchester City, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
What is amortisation in football transfers? Fees spread over contracts, explained
A transfer fee is spread evenly over the player's contract in the accounts. Why that makes a £116m signing cost about £30.4m a year - with live examples.
How do loan fees and loan wages affect PSR and squad cost?
Loan a player out and his wages leave squad cost while the fee counts as income; borrow one and both land in yours. The loan lever, with live 2026/27 estimates.
Jérémy Jacquet to Liverpool: what the £53.4m move does to their squad-cost room
Jérémy Jacquet's £53.4m move to Liverpool, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Jan Paul van Hecke to Tottenham Hotspur: what the £50.4m move does to their squad-cost room
Jan Paul van Hecke's £50.4m move to Tottenham Hotspur, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Manchester City accounts explained: what the 2024/25 filing really says
Manchester City's audited 2024/25 accounts in plain English: revenue £694m, wages £408m, and what the filing means for the club's squad-cost room.
Manchester United accounts explained: what the 2024/25 filing really says
Manchester United's audited 2024/25 accounts in plain English: revenue £667m, wages £313m, and what the filing means for the club's squad-cost room.
Marc Cucurella leaves Chelsea: what the £46.2m sale does to their squad-cost room
Marc Cucurella's £46.2m sale by Chelsea, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Marco Palestra to Chelsea: what the £47.9m move does to their squad-cost room
Marco Palestra's £47.9m move to Chelsea, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Mateus Fernandes to Tottenham Hotspur: what the £83.2m move does to their squad-cost room
Mateus Fernandes's £83.2m move to Tottenham Hotspur, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Old PSR vs the squad-cost rules: what actually changed
The £105m three-year loss test has given way to an income-based squad-cost ratio - and the two can disagree violently about the same club. What changed, with live examples.
Premier League squad-cost transfer watch: who has room, who needs sales
PSRwatch's running squad-cost scoreboard for 2026/27: the clubs in the 115% red zone, the clubs facing the Green-Threshold levy, who has room to spend, and the window's biggest ratio-moving deals.
Sandro Tonali to Tottenham Hotspur: what the £90.7m move does to their squad-cost room
Sandro Tonali's £90.7m move to Tottenham Hotspur, translated into annual squad cost and what it does to the club's room against the Premier League's 115% Red Threshold (the points-risk line) and 85% Green Threshold (the levy line).
Sunderland accounts explained: what the 2024/25 filing really says
Sunderland's audited 2024/25 accounts in plain English: revenue £39.4m, wages £52.9m, and what the filing means for the club's squad-cost room.
Tottenham Hotspur accounts explained: what the 2024/25 filing really says
Tottenham Hotspur's audited 2024/25 accounts in plain English: revenue £565m, wages £256m, and what the filing means for the club's squad-cost room.
What are undisclosed transfer fees, and why do they make PSR maths hard?
20 of 209 moves in the current PSRwatch ledger have no published fee. What "undisclosed" really means, and how honest PSR analysis handles the gap.
What is player trading profit? How selling players creates spending room
Trading profit is fee minus remaining book value - and it creates spending room twice. How Newcastle United's estimated £167m of trading works.
What does squad-cost ratio (SCR) mean? The number that decides who can spend
SCR = squad cost divided by football income. Under 85% is fine, 115% means points. Live PSRwatch estimates from 49.5% to 128% show how it works.
What is the Premier League squad-cost rule? The 85% and 115% lines explained
Squad cost - wages, amortised fees and agent costs - is compared with football income. 85% triggers a levy, 115% triggers points. Explained with live 2026/27 estimates.
Why academy sales help PSR: pure profit, explained simply
Academy graduates carry no transfer fee on the books, so selling one turns almost the whole fee into accounting profit. The 'pure profit' effect, with live estimates.
PSRwatch articles use unofficial estimates built from public filings, transfer data and PSRwatch modelling. They are not official Premier League, EFL or UEFA rulings.